Analysis of High-Frequency, High-Speed PCB Substrates: Performance Differences Between Halogenated and Halogen-Free Flame Retardants in Dielectric Loss and Reliability
Release time：2026-03-03
In the era of high-frequency, high-speed communications, 5G and 6G base stations as well as high-performance servers place stringent demands on the signal integrity of printed circuit boards (PCBs). As the core substrate of PCBs, copper-clad laminates (CCL) rely critically on the electrical properties of every component in their formulation. Among these, flame retardants serve as key functional additives that ensure the laminate achieves the UL94 V‑0 flammability rating.
In the era of high-frequency, high-speed communications, 5G and 6G base stations as well as high-performance servers place stringent demands on the signal integrity of printed circuit boards (PCBs). As the core substrate of PCBs, the electrical properties of each component in the copper-clad laminate (CCL) formulation are of critical importance. Among these, Flame retardant As a critical functional additive for ensuring that sheet materials achieve the UL94 V‑0 flame‑retardant rating, its technical selection—whether in halogenated or halogen‑free systems—directly influences the material’s dielectric loss (Df) characteristics and long-term service reliability.
From the perspective of electrical performance, halogenated and halogen-free flame retardants exert markedly different effects on signal loss. Traditional halogenated systems predominantly rely on bromine‑based compounds; while these flame retardants offer high flame‑retardant efficiency, their relatively large dipole moment and strong molecular polarity give rise to significant dielectric losses under high‑frequency electric fields, thereby increasing the dissipation factor (Df). For high‑frequency carbon‑hydrogen resin systems that demand a Df below 0.003, halogenated flame retardants often become the bottleneck limiting further performance improvements. In contrast, high‑performance… Halogen-free flame retardant (For example, phosphorus–nitrogen-based or reactive flame-retardant systems) can maintain an extremely low dielectric constant (Dk) and dissipation factor through molecular‑structure‑based depolarization design, thereby minimizing energy attenuation of high‑frequency microwave signals during transmission.
In terms of reliability and thermal stability, the differences between the two are equally pronounced. Halogenated systems release corrosive hydrogen halide gases upon thermal degradation, which poses a potential risk of circuit corrosion in precision electronic devices. In contrast, modern halogen-free… Flame retardant It exhibits superior char‑forming capability under high‑temperature conditions, enabling the resin to develop a dense physical barrier that raises the material’s thermal decomposition temperature (Td). Moreover, halogen‑free flame retardants generally possess enhanced hydrophobicity, significantly reducing the substrate’s water absorption. Low water uptake ensures that PCBs maintain stable electrical insulation properties even in humid environments, effectively mitigating the risk of failure caused by ion migration (CAF).
In summary, to strike a balance between fire safety and signal transmission efficiency, high-frequency, high-speed substrates are undergoing a comprehensive transition toward halogen-free formulations. Desytek focuses on the synergistic research and development of high-performance halogen-free flame retardants and hydrocarbon resin systems. Through advanced interfacial optimization techniques, it has not only resolved the trade-off between flame retardancy and dielectric loss but also enhanced the dimensional stability of copper-clad laminates under extreme processing conditions. Choosing a scientifically sound… Flame retardant The scheme has become the material foundation for building low-loss, highly reliable electronic systems.
Disai New Materials It is an innovation leader in advanced optoelectronic materials. Its main products include: Hydrocarbon resin, high-frequency/high-speed hydrocarbon resin, crosslinking agent, coupling agent, reactive flame retardant . Please feel free to call us at 027-81801908 or 13971395740 (same number on WeChat). We will provide you with tailored, professional services!
Flame retardant,Reactive flame retardant
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